Government Control and Subsidy of Energy vs. Private Sector Investment Essay

A subsidy is a payment from the government to a business to encourage the continual use or development of a technology or product that is considered to be useful or beneficial to the society. Most often, the money (or subsidies) is coming directly from taxpayers. This is where Milton Friedman’s signature phrase, â€Å"there’s no such thing as a free lunch† comes in to play. A unit of a product or service may be free for one person, someone or something is enduring an opportunity cost. Currently, renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power are being subsidized by roughly $24 billion a year because of the perceived environmental benefits that go along with â€Å"green† technologies. However, renewable energy companies such as Solyndra have gone bankrupt and the government has supported them to keep them running via subsidies. The argument for continuing these subsidies is that wind and solar are still in the start-up phase in the industrial world a nd have not yet reached large scale markets. Unfortunately, it is highly unlikely that these companies will ever be largely profitable because renewable energy, with a few exclusions, are unable to reach the profitable market margin that generating plants fueled by coal, natural gas or nuclear can. While the government tries to focus their support on said renewable energies, only providing limited tax breaks for the private oil companies, the US private sector has produced a substantial increase in oil. 2011 was the third consecutive year of higher domestic oil production and, at the same time, natural gas output reached an all-time high. Over the past five years, about two thousand new jobs have been created in the oil and gas industry while employment growth for renewable energies has been limited at best. With many of the recent failures of several renewable energy companies, employment has declined in this area during several periods. The renewable industry will also struggle to prosper because they rely too heavily on the government for support. The government has taken billions of dollars and will place it in this industry with little to no return for the enrichment of the economy and society. Friedman makes a rather sarcastic comment on activities like this by saying, â €Å"If you put the federal government in charge of the Sahara Desert, in 5 years there’d be a shortage of sand†. This is an example of rent-seeking. Rent-seeking is a term, used by economists, to describe actions that involve a political process of taking wealth of others and getting essentially a loss of wealth. Without the incentive to compete to raise and gain money, the renewable energy industry doesn’t feel the need to produce more efficient and cost effective products or services. On the flip side of that, since most companies in the oil industry are in the private sector, the profit alone is a large enough incentive to supply valued goods and services at reasonable prices. If private sector companies do not continually improve or develop, they will quickly be â€Å"weeded out†. Since the private markets are decidedly competitive, they are continually searching for the sweet spot in the market that assures a large and readily available supply of energy and the cleanest yet practicable balance of the usage of our limited resources, all at the lowest price possible. Despite the fact that for more than a decade, there has been a large amount direct taxpayer support, renewable energy still cannot meet the market demand and, therefore, the subsidies for these areas should be significantly reduced if not completely done away with. If politicians are truly concerned with cutting greenhouse gas emissions, a better allocation of federal spending would be to target subsidies and incentives towards natural gas and nuclear power plants. These clean-burning fuels can heat our homes, power our vehicles, and generate electricity for America’s households and industries a lot more cheaply and reliably than renewable energy can. If America is not careful, it will quickly fall into crony capitalism. Crony capitalism, in layman terms, is where private businesses focus on doing political favors rather than the consumer market because the government uses spending, regulations, and subsidies to benefit businesses that provide political support. Instead of trying to pick winners and losers, the government should create a competitive marketplace with fair rules, no subsidies, and allow the private sector to prosper. One great aspect of America is the freedom to continuously change business strategies and marketing to adapt to change. Like Milton Friedman said, â€Å"Many people want the government to protect the consumer. A much more urgent problem is to protect the consumer from the government.†

Case Study – Bowel Cancer

Bowel Cancer The bowel is a long tube that is made up of the small bowel, colon and rectum. The bowel absorbs nutrients from food and also processes waste products into faeces to be removed from the body. Bowel Cancer is cancer of the rectum or colon. Bowel cancer develops from small raised growths called polyps which are found in the inner lining of the bowel. These polyps can either be non cancerous and harmless (benign) or they can be cancerous (malignant).All polyps should be removed to reduce the risk of these polyps becoming cancerous or spreading the disease further. Most polyps can be removed without surgery with a procedure called a colonoscopy. If these polyps are not removed, they can grow deeper into the bowel and spread into areas close to the area and later can spread to the liver or lungs. Causes Bowel cancer can be hereditary passed down from a before generation but mainly age and lifestyle factors also contribute to the development of bowel cancer.According to the Be tter Health Channel (BHC)(2011), There is some evidence that having a diet that consists of red meat and drinking alcohol can lead to the cause of bowel cancer. Bowel cancer is more common in people aged 50 years or older. In relation to â€Å"Lou† who is 75, eats red meat from the cattle from his farm and also drinks alcohol, his risk factors for bowel cancer was high. This inability to pass bowel movements showed that he had a very high chance of having bowel cancer. Symptoms * Blood or mucus in the faeces Weakness and paleness * Diarrhoea * Constipation * Finding your faeces are narrower than usual * Feeling that your bowel doesn’t empty completely Prevalence rates According to Bowel Cancer Australia (BCA)(2010), Bowel cancer is the responsible for the second biggest cancer related deaths after lung cancer with 14,234 people being diagnosed with bowel cancer each year and 4047 deaths occurring due to bowel cancer. The older you become the greater the risk of develop ing bowel cancer becomes with Cancer Council Australia CCA)(2011), quoting that 1 in 12 Australians develop bowel cancer before the age of 85. Bowel cancer is the most curable cancer and if detected and removed early, the cure rate is 90%, however in most cases; bowel cancer is detected in its later stage and therefore has a 60% cure rate. Table: Age vs Number of cases. Obtained from Australian Institute of Health and Wellfare (2006). Socio-Ecological Model Socio-Ecological Model (SEM) is a framework that recognises the relationship that is present between an individual and its surrounding environment.This model looks at not only at an individual reducing risk and improving health but also looks at the outer environment. These include the public policy, the community, organisations, interpersonal and the individual themselves. People who are diagnosed with bowel cancer can suffer from psychological problems due to the trauma of going through the procedures when diagnosing the cancer (such as colonoscopy) or from during the procedure where the doctor has to perform surgery on the patient.Mainly psychological affects will come from the fear of death and can lead them to withdraw themselves from friends and family leading to the sufferer not being socially active and not having that connection that is needed to get through the mental trauma that can be associated when dealing with bowel cancer. In this case the SEM can be implemented as for a patient that is suffering from psychological problems as they would need good interpersonal relationships (friends and family) and organisational involvement (social institutions) to be there to help the patient deal with their illness as best as possible.As in the case of â€Å"Lou† from the case study, he is moving 50 km away from his home, friends and family and therefore could lead him to feel that he can’t connect with anyone and lead to emotional and social consequences which include depression. Social Se rvices and Programs There are many support groups and services that are available to help a cancer patient when needed. If these are utilised, it can be beneficial in dealing with the emotional and social impacts that come with the disease.These include: * Homecare: This I when a social worker or nurse provides a cancer patient with their basic needs e. g. running errands, preparing meals, medication delivery and can have regular visits from physical therapists. This is a good asset as patients often feel more comfortable in their own home where they can be close to friends and family. This puts a great demand on other people like social workers, nurses and physical therapists to play a major role for home care to be achieved. This is also applied from the (SEM). Social workers: Can either be seen at home from home care or cancer patients can go see social workers. Social workers can offer counselling, counselling for the future, access to support groups and referrals to specialists . This Is good as it can help a cancer patient during and after they have cancer. * Cancer rehabilitation programs: The Cancer Nutrition Rehabilitation Program gives cancer patients information about diet, physical activity, treatment and other needs to successfully become rehabilitated.The social worker helps the patient obtain the needs necessary and give them general direction on how to become and maintain a healthy state after cancer. Conclusion Bowel cancer can be successfully treated and cured if early detection is made. This early detection will heighten the chances of survival then if it is found at a later stage. Regular checkups for people over 50 years of age are necessary to ensure that this early detection occurs. While an individual is responsible to obtain a healthy lifestyle, other factors need to be taken into account as outlined from the SEM.If individuals and the surrounding environment are linked together as one then becoming and staying healthy can be achieved. Reference List. 1. Polglase A (2010) Let's beat bowel cancer. Australian Pharmacist. Vol 29, issue 5, 414-416. Available from, http://ea3se7mz8x. search. serialssolutions. com/? ctx_ver=Z39. 88-2004;ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8;rfr_id=info:sid/summon. serialssolutions. com;rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal;rft. genre=article;rft. atitle=Let%27s+Beat+Bowel+Cancer;rft. jtitle=Australian+P

Challenges facing managers today Research Paper

Challenges facing managers today - Research Paper Example And within this transformation in environment, managers have to change to become a change mentor, an employee advocate or sponsor, and a strategic partner within their organizations. In order to be successful, management is required to be a business driven activity with a comprehensive understanding of the big picture of the organization and have the capacity to affect significant policies and decisions. Generally, the focus of today’s manager should be on strategic technological planning, talents development, and personnel retention. Managers should also be succession planners, coaches, mentors, and counselors to help motivate workers and their loyalty (Daniel & Radenbaugh, 2001). This paper will look at the challenges facing managers today. The paper will take a position and support it using information from relevant research. It is evident that today’s managers are faced with a number of challenges. The following include some of the most apparent challenges. A lack o f resources in an organization can cause grave predicaments for a manager. A lack of resources may make the organization face cutbacks on significant things. This requires the manager to be economically minded and creative when this type of circumstance occurs. It is essential that a manager learns to make the most of what is available and check accessible resources to ensure they are not misused. Managers should also device ways of lessening costs on things which are of nominal significance so that there will be resources for necessary materials. Lack of resources may also have a negative impact on the training of employees (Brickley, Smith, Zimmerman & Willett, 2000). During training, organizations should have budgeted finances for travelling, accommodation, among other needs. If the managers cannot raise the finances to facilitate this, the workers will not have the means of gaining competitive skills, negatively affecting the performance of the organization. Another challenge fa cing the managers of today is their recognition towards input to business access and realization of the objectives of the organization. Some organizations do not see the significance of appointing managers when they have heads of different departments. Technological advancement is another challenge that managers have to deal with. Today, technological advancements are on the rise more than in the early period. Modern technology has to be utilized if an organization wants to provide goods and services which are cost effective, relevant, and congruent with the needs of the society. Therefore, managers face the significant challenge of raising the initial cost of acquiring, running, and maintaining modern technology. This is also made worse by the brief existence of a large number of technological inventions which imply that managers have to reinvest in contemporary technology often in order to protract their relevance (Hollen, Van, Frans & Volberda, 2013). This graph illustrates the i dea that technological progress is both a continuous opportunity and a continuous danger to the organization. Trade unions are another challenge facing the managers. Trade unions can be extremely cruel when it comes to negotiation and they may urge the workers to engage in striking activities. This has a negative impact

PARALLEL ALGORITHM FOR MULTI-DIMENSIONAL MATRIX MULTIPLICATION Research Paper

PARALLEL ALGORITHM FOR MULTI-DIMENSIONAL MATRIX MULTIPLICATION OPERATIONS REPRESENTATION USING KARNAUGH MAP - Research Paper Example The basic concept EKMR is to transform the multi-dimensional array in to a set of two-dimensional arrays. EKMR scheme implies Karnaugh Map which is a technique used to reduce a Boolean expression. It is commonly represented with the help of a rectangular map which holds all the possible values of the Boolean expression. Then the efficient data parallel algorithms for multi-dimensional matrix multiplication operation using EKMR are presented in this study which outperformed those data parallel algorithms for multi-dimensional matrix multiplication operation which used the TMR scheme. The study encourages designing data parallel algorithms for multi-dimensional dense and sparse multi-dimensional arrays for other operations as well using the EKMR scheme since this scheme produces the efficient performance for all dimensions and for all operations of the arrays. Multi-dimensional arrays which are also referred as tensors or n-ways arrays are usefully applied to a wide range of studies or methods such as climate modeling, finite element analysis (FEA), molecular dynamic and many more but still many issues have been encountered regarding efficient operations of these multi-dimensional arrays. Most of the proposed methods are successful in case of two-dimensional arrays which do not show accurate results when applied to the extended form of tensors. This occurred due to the traditional matrix representation (TMR) which is an array representation scheme that is commonly used to represent the multi-dimensional dense or sparse array. Dense and sparse are the two categories of the array form which are provided through the various data parallel programming languages [2] for instance, Vienna Fortran, High Performance Fortran, etc. If all or most of the array elements are non-zero values then it is called a dense array. On the other hand, if most of the elements of the array are zero then it is called a sparse array. When an operation is applied

SOAP Note Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

SOAP Note - Essay Example As a pharmacist, I have employed SOAP note format on various occasions, one of which involved a 62 year old woman. She came to the CVS clinic complaining of constipation and inquired on the availability of any drug that could assist in countering the condition. After careful assessment, I recommended her Senokot tablet. I did this after following SOAP note format for collecting information about the patient. The first questions I asked the patient were subjective and aimed at knowing how the patient felt. They aimed at knowing the symptoms of the condition the patient had. Constipation was the main problem the woman had. However, it was accompanied with abdominal pain and regular movement of the bowel (Ferrell, Betty & Nessa 516). She informed me that the first time she experienced the problem was two weeks ago and that it has occurred daily since then. After constipation, she usually looses appetite for several hours. I carried out an objective observation of the patient and this started by first asking the patient other conditions that she suffers from. I sought to know if she had heart disease or bowel disorder such as Crohn’s disease. She did not have any other disease or condition and was not under any other medication. However, her abdomen was swollen and there were infrequent actions of the bowel. Subsequently, I carried out an assessment of the patient and directed that some tests to be done to properly diagnose the condition. I found that she had hard stools and felt nausea and vomited at times. The tests I ordered to be carried out were blood tests, barium tests and colonoscopy. These were to determine weather the cause was hormonal imbalance or colon obstruction respectively. . The patient complained of abdominal pain and regular abdominal movements. She also felt tired and dizzy even without doing any physical work. She also complained of

Short History of Socialism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Short History of Socialism - Essay Example But if anthropologists wish to engage the contemporary world and come to terms with all its interconnectedness they certainly cannot afford to ignore the role of intellectuals in shaping-and occasionally perhaps inventing-new cultural traditions. Holy's portrayal of the actors who, as the voices of the Scandinavian nation, precipitated that country's 'Velvet Revolution' is the most dramatic of a number of illustrations provided in this volume, several of which deal with Africa. Socialism when analyzed, is found to embrace four main elements. The first of these is the common ownership of the material instruments of production. It is not stated precisely how this common ownership is to be brought about, or exactly what form it is to take (Lichtheim, 1970).. Opinions may and do differ about the practical steps which are to be taken to secure the desired end, and also about the nature of the collective organization in which this ownership is to be vested. But no one can be called a socialist in the modern technical sense who does not accept the doctrine of the common ownership of the material instruments of production. ... It is simply necessary to exercise one's imagination, and to picture to one's self the extension of that which already exists in a comparatively small way (Lichtheim, 1970).. It is said substantially all land and capital, because it is held that it is not necessary that the common ownership should be absolutely all-inclusive. It is a weakness of the extremists to insist on all -- inclusiveness in common ownership, which much damages their cause. What is necessary is that the collective ownership should become dominant in such manner as to control all other ownership and confine it within narrow limits. All the great instruments of production, like telegraphs, telephones, railways, forests, arable lands, and large manufacturing plants, must become collective property; but socialism does not imply that it is necessary to restrict individuals in the acquisition of the instruments of production on a small scale, -- for example, a wheelbarrow or a cart. Socialism, then, presented in the s trongest form, does not proceed so much negatively as constructively. Society is to acquire the instruments of production; but individuals, for the most part, are not to be restrained, except indirectly, by positive social action. Modern socialism is the natural outcome of modern industrial conditions, and its origin is contemporaneous with the origin of those conditions. We must seek its beginnings in the beginnings of modern industry. We can express this thought differently by saying that modern socialism is the product of the industrial revolution. It has grown with this revolution, becoming international as the industrial revolution has spread over the nations of the

I have to choose a good topic from the area of ICT industry Essay

I have to choose a good topic from the area of ICT industry - Essay Example Or is Knowledge Management just another term for Information Management that is almost the exclusive work area of ICT? The first step in trying to find an answer in this regard is to acquire a clear understanding of the difference between information and knowledge. In other words, knowledge, its properties and its qualities, has to be defined in very clear and comprehensible terms. The definition of knowledge is based on the sequential definitions of data and information (Barnes, 2001). Data, is defined as observations of facts outside any context; data within a meaningful context is information; and ‘information plus’ or information combined with experience, context, interpretation, and reflection within a very highly contextual environment is termed as knowledge. The high-value form of information that is ready for application to decisions and actions within organizations is e termed as Knowledge (Davenport, 1998). It is therefore a type of value-added information. A further distinction is made between two categories of knowledge – tacit or implicit and explicit knowledge. Tacit Knowledge is defined as the type of knowledge that is both understood and applied at the subconscious level. It is knowledge difficult to deliberately express, manifest or articulate, and said to be developed, again subconsciously or involuntarily, through personal interactions, conversations, storytelling and shared experience. Explicit knowledge, on the other hand â€Å"is more precisely and formally articulated, although removed from the original context of creation or use...† (Zach, 1999). Barnes (2001) defines Knowledge Management as an attempt to improve or maximize the use of knowledge that exists in an organization. Knowledge Management has assumed crucial significance for all business organizations that seek to utilize its own experience and that of others to retain a decisive competitive edge over other players in the market.

LA Draft Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

LA Draft - Essay Example a need to asses and evaluate the effects of information and communication technologies (or ICTs for brevity) in the field of education and academic freedom in American universities particularly in view of recent developments. The computer age has not only come but has reached proportions as touching every individual even those with handicaps and limitations. Lastly, this study acknowledges that school registrations in any course are highly heterogeneous. There is therefore that built-in difficulty in adopting conventional classroom type of mentoring and tutoring. It is thus necessary to find an answer or a solution to this predicament. Along that line, a hypothesis has to be wisely conceived in order that restrictive disabilities to learn will be best addressed by the ICT’s utilized for the purpose. 4. Van der Merwe, D. and MÃ ¶ller, J. (2004), New Unisa; Integration of the two home-grown Learner Management Systems of ‘Old Unisa’ and ‘Old TSA’: The past, the merger and the future, [internet]. Available at: http://emerge2004.net/connect/site/UploadWSC/emerge 2004/file22/emergevandermerwemoller. PDF. [Accessed May 2, 2009] Among others, the depth of the instant study will focus on the various variables and elements inherent in the use of ICTs. For instance, a separate analysis must be made for sample universities in the more urban areas and another one shall be made for those educational institutions in the rural sides. The other depth objectives will focus on the effects of the ICT’s in education and academic freedom in American universities. This accompanying depth objective will take issue on how these factors relate to different courses. A student of military science may have a different concept of the latitude of education and its disciplines and of academic freedom in comparison to the student who is pursuing a law degree. The knowledge and information needed to attain the objectives of the course being interlocked with its breadth and width,

The Right Stuff Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Right Stuff - Essay Example They are the characteristics that the recruiter thinks is correct. So the one with the authority or power defines what the right stuff is. People try to guess the actual characteristics that come under the topic the right stuff but they are only known to the person who has formulated the theory. It is really difficult to find a man with the right stuff and he should have it, not most of it. After the 2nd world war the US were in a race with the Russians for the space mission. It was really important for them to beat the Russians. Many pilots were recruited by the NASA for the space program. New pilots from the navy were also selected. The book tells about the US space program, the test pilots, astronauts and their wives. It shows what the pilots and their wives endured during the space program. The pilots were given a small introduction talk, here they were told about the right stuff and one should have it to get there and not most of it. Many guesses were made but resulted in failur e. Although the right stuff includes the term bravery but it’s not all about it. It includes many other stuff and requirement other than bravery and courage. The pilots underwent rigorous tests and many other tasks to check if they had the right stuff and pilots were being rejected based upon the theory of the right stuff. The pilots became obsessed with it by hearing it in each phase of the tests.

The intended learning outcomes will normally be assessed in the Coursework

The intended learning outcomes will normally be assessed in the following manner - Coursework Example Moreover, the graduate program taken has also enabled me to gain the right amount of competency and skills for taking care of information technology problems so as to render effective solutions for the same. I have gained the skills for conducting analytical functions in programs such as Microsoft Excel and also in rendering presentations through the use of PowerPoint. Skills gained on such basis has enhanced my competencies in providing analytical solutions to business problems, thereby presenting the same as strategic recommendations. Similarly, the graduate program has also contributed to developing my team working and team organising skills so as to render the best while operating in a synergised environment. I have gained needful understandings of the potential leadership skills required to rightly manage and convince people in different teams to help achieve organisational goals and objectives as a whole. Opportunities and Skills Required Presently, the job market in United Kin gdom presents large scale job opportunities for graduates in several sectors such as accounting, banking and the finance industry, logistics and purchasing departments of companies, sales and marketing, operations and engineering, journalism and mass communication, retail and the like. Apart from the listed job opportunities, the United Kingdom market also provides opportunities for graduates to work as management or recruitment consultants in the region. From the plethora of job opportunities listed above, the case of the retail industry would be studied so that the skills required for working in the sector would be evaluated. It is known that to work effectively in the retail sector in United Kingdom, an individual is required to firstly possess the right amount of analytical competencies. Secondly, the individual is also required to have significant knowledge about the commercial regulations pertaining to the region and thereby blend such knowledge with the right business aptitud e to render potential solutions. Thirdly, customers being the life blood of retail businesses, the individuals are required to possess effective customer servicing skills and team building skills so as to effectively convince the internal people to meet the organisational objectives. In addition to the above skill sets, it would be considered as a value addition if the individuals do possess the hand-on-experience for servicing customers at the floor level, and also the right knowledge of a potential customer base in the region (High Fliers, 2012, pp.10–29). Skills and Gaps Though I have gained the needed acumen to conduct analytical functions based on Excel, there are persisting gaps such knowledge of conducting and presenting effective forecasting activities related to demand and supply of merchandises based on evaluation of market changes. Similarly, a definite gap is also noted pertaining to the fact that there is lack of factual or

Real Estate Management Sop Essay Example for Free

Real Estate Management Sop Essay Every man has a dream to be something and excel on it. Privileged are those who are educated and can contribute towards the betterment of society, community, country and the world at large. Three basic necessities of life – Food, Clothing and Shelter. A large number of people cannot easily afford for food and clothes and affordable hygienic shelter is beyond their vision. In urban world less than half of the population are around 23-30 age group who have money to fulfill their basic needs of food and clothes but not homes because of high cost even if there are good EMI Schemes with low interest rate offered by government to citizen for their first home. An individual upliftment in the society is linked to the fulfillment of dreams of common man. My dream is to fulfill their vision and I firmly believe on it. A vision to develop a business model provide affordable hygienic homes to masses along with maximum appreciation in their investment. Understanding of real estate and technology in construction and cost reduction is what required to be focused on. As research, the world population is increasing @ 2% approximately in compounding effect. There is always excess of demand than supply. Financial sound people look for better amenities with high premium and unfortunate home seeker look for basic amenities; and understanding of both is very crucial where cost can be saved by mass development and allocation of fund from one to another to encourage more affordable mass development of affordable house on principle of economy of large scale. Dream, Believe and Act with Passion.

Communist Insurgency In The Philippines History Essay

Communist Insurgency In The Philippines History Essay The idea of Communism has come a long way, since its early Marxist conception. In its very sense, Communism is concerned with the abolishment of the ruling class and the right to private property. Basically, it connotes social justice to everyone residing in a given territory. Social justice in this sense would mean that every constituent, regardless of the social strata to which they belong, would be treated with equal importance in terms of human rights and property and be given access to the resources that the state should provide to its people. Communism in the Philippines is basically synonymous to the ideals and principles that classic Marxists uphold. The inequality between the ruling and working class paved the way for communism in the country to develop. Throughout the previous decades, advocators of the ideology (particularly the CPP-NPA-NDF) proliferated all over the island and have continued to uphold the belief that everyone inhabiting this country should be given equal opportunity to access resources that the country owns. They have continued their struggle of fighting the bureaucrat-capitalism, feudalism, imperialism, corruption, and other forms of social injustice that continue to haunt the country from the Pre-World War II era until the present time. The Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) indeed, made significant impacts in Philippine society. Although declared illegal by the government, the forces of the CPP nevertheless manifested itself in various parts of the archipelago. They have managed to resist the military forces which constantly work for their downfall over the years. Why is this so? Why, in spite of the downfall of Soviet Union, communism in China, and many other socialist countries, the CPP managed to endure as a political organization? To answer these questions, this paper intends to enumerate the several factors that contributed to the emergence and persistence of communist insurgency in the country. From the original communist party, which is the PKP, this paper will discuss how it was re-established along with the internal and external crises that contributed to the present state of the movement. Furthermore, a brief discussion of the partys strategy of a protracted peoples war, as well as the different counter-insurgency programs implemented by the government to combat the rebels will be presented. A thorough report of the facts behind the pervasive endurance of the Communist insurgents here in the Philippines will be explicated. Hence, this paper is timely as it could contribute to the shaping of public awareness and opinion regarding on a very substantial issue in the country. The long-time struggle of the working class to achieve a society that will cater equality and justice among people who belong to various socio-economic strata has resulted to the formation of revolutionary movements (Dela Cruz, 2006). Even before the Philippines managed to achieve its independence from foreign colonizers, communist insurgency has started. According to Cusi (1996), the Communist insurgency in the Philippines had its early beginnings when a number of supporters of Tan Malaca, an Indonesian Communist leader, started to recruit and organize members during the early 20s. The recruited members, most of them labourers, were then formally set up on August 26, 1930 as the Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas (PKP, Philippine Communist Party) at the Templo del Trabajo which was then the most important place of gathering for the labor elements of the city during the early 30s. With its original 60 members, it was then officially proclaimed as the Communist Party of the Philippines (C PP) by Crisanto Evangelista on November 7, 1930 at the Plaza Moriones, Tondo which is known to be the center of the working-class district of Manila (Saulo, 1990). The establishment of the PKP as a genuine party of the working-class has aimed to uphold the unfinished revolution of Andres Bonifacio, the Great Plebeian. Though Bonifacios struggle is more of the anti-colonial type of revolution, his example was seen by the PKP as the Proletarian hero for them to advocate their struggle of class equality through armed revolution. According to Jose Lava, former general secretary of the party, the PKP will serve as the workers instrument of upholding their rights against the exploitative tendencies of the bourgeoisie. Through the movement, it will be easier for the working class to make their sentiments known aside from the fact that they comprise the class with the highest percentage in the society. It is but proper to create a group that will promote the welfare of the class that sustains the other members of the society (Saulo, 1990). During the 26th day of December 1968 however, a group of disgruntled young members of the PKP led by Jose Maria Sison re-established a Marxism-Leninism-Maoist leaning CPP in a small barrio somewhere in Pangasinan. Sison, who was then a student of the University of the Philippines, criticized the leadership of the Lava brothers whom he blamed when the Huks were defeated during the 1950s. He was expelled from the PKP then took the leadership of re-establishing the Communist Party of the Philippines together with 90 other cadres (Gutierrez, 2001). On the other hand, some Red fighters and Commanders of the dwindling peoples liberation army along the countryside of Central Luzon also loss confidence with the way their leaders are acting. Due to greediness and corruption, the army became inhumane and anti-people. Bernabe Bucayno (Commander Dante), together with his group of peasant guerrillas, then decided to go to Manila to seek for the group of Sison who was then beginning to strengthen the re-established CPP. Together with this group of young students and professionals, Commander Dante founded and became the Commander-in-chief of the New Peoples Army (NPA) which became the armed wing of the Communist Party. The decision of coming up with a new military group transpired from the need of an armed force that will pursue the proletariat war in the Philippines (Cusi, 1996). On April 24, 1973, the CPP-NPA established its legal front the National Democratic Front (NDF). NDF is an alliance of 15 underground democratic mass organizations led by the CPP that aims to wage a national democratic revolution that will uphold the goal of achieving a socialist state. The establishment of the NDF, along with its 10 point program, is a manifestation of the CPPs formal declaration of war against the Philippine government. Its connections with the different sectors of society including the religious, teachers (ACT), farmers (KMP), students (LFS), and the labor sector (KMU) helped the CPP a lot on its goal of expanding its influence and power primarily through winning the hearts and minds of the masses (Ferrer Raquiza, 1993; Cusi, 1996). Meanwhile, Sison was capture by the military in 1977 a year after Commander Dante was captured in 1976. However, the capture of the two leaders did not encumber the continuous growth of the CPP-NPA. Its strength grew exponentially throughout the years and reached its peak in 1987 with 25, 200 members and 15, 500 firearms (Adriatico, 2000). Up until the present time, the party continues to grow and manages to endure the numerous counterinsurgency programs implemented by the different administrations from Marcos until Arroyo. In further analyzing the persistence of the CPP-NPA and the implications that it may bring to the Philippine society, it is necessary to outline the different crises that lead to the restructuring of the original communist party as well as the effects of the faction groups that occurred within the party. These factors being mentioned are vital in this study for they have contributed to the overall objectives and present structure of the movement as well. The internal crises are indeed significant to the continued existence of the insurgents for it helped the members of the movement learn from previous mistakes as well as in determining their goal of accomplishing a protracted peoples war. The main problems that occurred and that caused great division among the members of the party might be traced back to its founding roots. In 1968, a document was published by the Congress of Re-establishment of the Communist Party of the Philippines wherein the main errors and weaknesses of the Party were enumerated. In this document entitled Rectify Errors and Rebuild the Party, the four drawbacks of the Party, namely: 1) ideological weaknesses; 2) political errors; 3) military errors; and 4) organizational errors, were enumerated and discussed thoroughly how it affected the insurgents struggle. Subjectivism on the previous leaders ideologies has caused a great trouble on the original communist partys goals and objectives. Because most of the leaders and members came from affluent clans, they carried with them their primary bourgeois ideas. The partys leaders relied on the subjectivist and opportunist idea of competing or cooperating with the bourgeois parties and groups in the city as a means of achieving socialism. The party became incorrectly city-based and city-oriented that they have neglected the revolutionary initiative and force of the peasants located along the countryside. Furthermore Sison, as cited by Dela Cruz, said that the failure of the original party to come up with a definite strategy that will serve a revolutionary and thoroughgoing proletarian world outlook has lead to the partys paralyzation once the US Imperialists and running dogs came into the Philippine picture (Dela Cruz, 2006 ; CPP 1968). Aside from subjectivism in ideology, political errors that have been committed also affected the insurgents progression. Political errors, in this sense, refer to the right opportunism and left opportunism that the party leaders have committed. Instead of pursuing their aspiration to abolish differences in social strata, the party leaders became opportunistic in the sense that they pushed for subordination of the working-class movement to their enemies by surrendering to them totally through peaceful agreements and compromise. Moreover, rejecting the idea of a socialist revolution and bringing up the concept of class cooperation was advocated by the leaders. This lead to further discrepancies on what does the communist party really advocate. The Party suffered from political disasters because it maintained its urban, parliamentary, and open character and failed to arouse and mobilize the peasants in the rural areas to coordinate with them as a main force for the revolution. Emanating from the subjectivist world outlook, the leaders of the party became consumed with the idea of being regarded as Left opportunists by the bourgeoisie and failed to enact their illegal activities simultaneously with the legal ones. Furthermore, the party leaders became corrupt and greedy resulting to the loss of confidence of other members and also the masses as well (Weekley, 2001). Another flaw that caused the downfall of the first communist party is military error. The party leaders failed to assimilate an armed struggle, agrarian revolution, and rural base-building in the countryside, of which according to Maoist thought are the three crucial and indispensable components in waging a peoples war (Mercado, 1989; CPP, 1968). According to Adriatico (2000), the absence of an armed struggle alone has a big impact on their failure because arms, supposedly, will serve as their main weapon towards a democratic revolution. Their failure to established one crippled the movement when US Imperialists and Japanese troops colonized the land. One more lapse that the party has suffered is the weakness of its organization. According to Sison, the main [organizational] disability of the Communist Party of the Philippines has been its failure to build up an organization that has a broad mass character and that is national in scale. This means that the party was not able to expand thoroughly in number. They were not able to recruit members all over the archipelago that could have helped them in the planned revolutionary war. The party did not able to mobilize other groups belonging to the working class which could have added a significant number to their force (CPP, 1968). The four main errors and weaknesses that led to the re-establishment of the first communist party in the Philippines have been briefly discussed above. These drawbacks have served as lessons to the members of the reformed communist party the CPP-NPA. However, the CPP-NPA is still facing a lot of crises within the boundaries of its sphere. Throughout the years of their existence, there still exist a number of difficulties that challenged their persistence as a party that will uphold the welfare of the working-class and peasants. In an interview with Professor Benjamin Mangubat, a History professor of the University of the Philippines Manila, he said that the CPP-NPA-NDF insurgents have experienced factions within the movement some time during 1990s. The two main groups include the Re-affirmists and the Rejectionists. The Reaffirmists, from the term itself, affirm the basic principles of Maoism-Leninism-Marxism thought of an armed struggle in order to achieve the main goal of a classless the society. The group asserts the need of coercive power towards the strategy of a protracted peoples war.. On the other hand, the Rejectionists are the ones who abandon the need for an armed struggle. They also reject Sisons view of the Philippine society as a semi-feudal and semi-colonial country. Furthermore, they have also retracted Maos thesis of anti-revisionism as well as the idea of a peoples democratic leadership. For this group, achieving a socialist-communism like that in the Soviet Union is not possible. They have given up on the idea of democratic revolution but instead focused themselves in improving the elite democracy that the Philippine society has been experiencing for the past and present regimes. Elite democracy, like that in the Philippines is not a true democracy. It is a democracy in the most superficial level because it is the rule of very few powerful and affluent political clans, more like aristocracy as such. Essentially, the Rejectionists goal is to change the power relations prevailing in the society through counter-hegemony by the means of ideological state ap paratuses. These include educational discussions, basic mass integrations and organic intellectuals who stay in rural areas to teach the masses regarding the current situation of Philippine society. Like the Reaffirmists, the Rejectionists also want change in the Philippine society. But as to what that change is, and how it would be attained, there remains not only the question, but a divide. The number of internal crises that transpired within the old and new communist party has been concisely discussed above. These problems have indeed affected the insurgents organization as well as their dynamism as a group. The fragmentation of the movement into two factions with contrasting beliefs has brought out the ideological discrepancies and weaknesses among the members which in turn crippled the overall undertakings of the party as well as the weakening of their political hold in the Philippines. However, some notable positive consequences arouse from the split. Dr. Nathan Gilbert Quimpo, former head of NDF and a Rejectionist himself, enumerated several benefits of this split. In an interview conducted by Emere Distor of the online publication Kasama, Quimpo said that the most positive consequence has been the emergence of a more pluralist Left and there ´s no more hegemony on the part of the Communist Party of the Philippines-National Democratic Front-New People ´s Army (CPP-NDF-NPA). We have a Left which is now more plural. This pluralism had produced many other small groups that are relatively stronger and influential in certain sectors compared to the monopolized Left by the CPP before. The groups Bukluran ng Manggagawang Pilipino (BMP) and the Alliance of Progressive Labor (APL) of the labour sector for example, has contested the Kilusang Mayo Uno (KMU). Moreover, the Kilusang Magbubukid ng Pilipinas (KMP), a peasant group aligned with the CPP, is also challenged by other bigger peasant organizations. With these situations of the different sectors of the working-class, the pluralized Left could act in a strategically specific manner of upholding their privileges as marginalized sectors thereby creating greater possibilities of being heard by the government. Aside from the pluralism of the Left, the disintegration of the Communist Party became the key for them to rectify, look back and learn from their previous errors in order to build a stronger party that will cater to the goal of every member. At this point, the different events that happened within the internal affairs of the CPP-NPA have been discussed thoroughly by the researcher. The crises and struggles that contributed to the re-establishment of the communist party as well as the fragmentation and clash of ideologies along with its adverse and favourable consequences have been briefly explicated. Now, this paper will address the external factors that contributed to the persistence of the communist insurgents in the Philippines. According to Dela Cruz (2006), there are three main factors that contributed to the persistence of the communist insurgents in the country. These three include the political, economic and social factors directly or indirectly observed in the Philippine society. From the CPPs perspective, these three factors are seen as the root cause of the widespread exploitation of the working class. Jose Maria Sisons view of the Philippine society as semi-colonial and semi-feudal depicted his purpose of leading the working class towards a struggle that will benefit the majority of people being exploited by the upper-middle class. The political factors, basically, refer to the unequal distribution of power in the country. The existence of an abusive ruling class, who only comprise a very minimal percentage of the countrys population, has paved the way for severe oppression of the working class. These political factors composed of semi-colonialism, imperialism and bureaucrat capitalism. Semi-colonialism and imperialism refers to the indirect control of the United States to Philippine affairs. Though nominally declared as independent on the 4th of July 1946, the shadow of the US imperialists have still remained within the structures of the country haunting every powerless Filipino. Even if these foreign entities do not exist physically in the land, their power is implicitly felt by the workers and peasants through the traditional politicians, elites and the comprador big bourgeoisies (Rocamora, 1994). Bureaucrat capitalism on the other hand is the use of public office as an instrument of acquiring private assets and land. The concept mirrors those traditional politicians who make use of their position for business opportunities in order for them to increase personal profit and capital. Basically, it is a form of graft and corruption in the sense that these politicians use public funds, which is supposedly for public services, for their own self-interest setting aside the welfare of the poor people who are in need (Dela Cruz, 2006). Aside from the political factors mentioned above, another aspect that contributed to the continued persistence of the CPP-NPA are the economic factors which include semi-feudalism, sham land reforms, unemployment and foreign monopoly capitalism. The concept of semi-feudalism has been defined by Sison as an economic term that refers to an economy whose internal forces of production are mainly and essentially agrarian and pre-industrial, and whose relations of production are dominated by the combination of the comprador big bourgeoisie in the cities and the landlord class in the countryside (Dela Cruz, 2006). This condition of the Philippine society has made the life of the Filipino masses, particularly the peasant workers who till hectares of land in exchange of a very low wage, a miserable one. The landlords and business elites become richer while the peasant farmers stay poor without even experiencing a secured and stable life. In connection to this are sham land reforms which are p retentious modification of existing land laws. These land reforms are formulated to deceive the farmers but in reality, these will just give more benefit to the landed elites once implemented. Furthermore, the widespread unemployment and the inability of the government to provide basic social services are also some of the factors that provoked the persistence of the insurgents. In addition, foreign monopoly capitalism, which refers to the dominance of foreign monopolies in capitalist economies, made use of the Philippines as a source of cheap raw materials and as a free market where they can dump all surplus products at a very low price. Another factor that should be considered in answering the question why do the communist insurgents continue to persist is the social factors. In this aspect, the existence of social inequality, injustice, poverty and deprivation in the society are being regarded as a critical contributor to the existence of revolutionary movements. Social injustice and inequality refers to the unequal distribution of resources and services, to delayed administration of justice, and greed for power and wealth that lead to violation of human rights. Furthermore, it includes the inefficiency of the government bureaucracy to implement laws that will protect the environment and will cater to the needs of the marginalized and indigenous cultural communities. Moreover, the lack of respect and recognition to ancestral domains as well as to indigenous cultural and political systems are also included here (Cusi, 1996). In a society where tremendous changes and advancement of technology is highly observable and practiced, tremendous exploitation of indigenous beliefs and ethnic practices is highly probable to occur. Such as in the case of the Philippines, the long-time experience of foreign colonial rule has been a big influence to our adherence to a Westernized type of culture leading us in patterning our own system of rules and beliefs to theirs. This in turn has caused the downfall of our native practices and the exploitation of indigenous peoples rights by the elites who are Filipinos themselves. Many rural places have been neglected by the national and local governments. Many people suffer from deprivation of basic services such as education and health. With these reasons, many Filipinos living in the countryside cannot surface themselves from the deepening roots of poverty for they do not have any alternative and choice. With the number of factors being mentioned above, the emergence and continued existence of the CPP-NPA insurgents is likely to occur. What other means is possible in order for the working class to be heard by this unjust society? For the party, no other way is effective enough but to form a revolutionary movement. The dream of the insurgents to achieve a classless society where people are equal, where people are given respect and dignity, where there is no foreign intervention, where people are able to achieve their highest possible esteem as a human being, where people are treated with reverence and exploitation is definitely out of the picture has motivated them to continue the struggle that they have been fighting for the past decades. In spite of the numerous crises that the party has been through, they have managed to continue their fight for a democratic revolution. With this, it is but necessary to enumerate and explain the strategies that the CPP-NPA has done throughout the years of their fight for a protracted peoples war. The overall objective of the communist insurgency movement is to overthrow the semi-colonial and semi-feudal system prevailing in the country. Apparently, the primary means seen by the party towards achieving such goal is through a democratic revolution. Sison (1971), as cited by Saulo, followed Mao Tse Tungs idea that a democratic revolution will only be successful through the involvement of three primary organizations namely: 1. a party that will provide the brain and overall leadership (CPP); 2. an army that will serve as the military force during armed encounters (NPA); and 3. a united front that will extend political influence, support and that will mobilize the masses (NDF). Weekley (2001) mentioned the primary strategy of the CPP-NPA-NDF which is composed of two major categories: 1. general strategies pertaining to the protracted war as a whole, and 2. particular or tactical strategies pertaining to individual counter campaigns covering a specific base area. The protracted armed struggle is the primary means of the movement to offset the government force, particularly the military which have the advantage of monopoly over firearm resources. This is done through conducting limited armed conflicts with the government troops in different localities, mostly mountainous area chosen by the insurgents themselves to ensure victory (Cusi. 1996; Kintanar, 1999). According to Weekley (2001), the strategy of a protracted peoples war involves 3 stages namely strategic defensive, strategic stalemate and strategic offensive. The initial strategy in conducting the protracted war starts at the countryside wherein the NPA forces try to establish as many rural bases as possible. They try to encircle the rural areas, where bulk of the peasant farmers and workers reside, so that they would be able to recruit more members that will strengthen their force. This strategy stemmed from the idea that people in remote areas are more vulnerable to radical thoughts and revolutionary ideas since most people living in there are poor and exploited because they can hardly feel the presence of government programs (Hoeksema, 1990). The strategic defensive stage is the critical part of party building, army building, base building and united front organizing. In this stage, the NPA initiates offensive steps by provoking the military troops to an armed encounter for the purpose of accumulating firearms and also to show the population that they have the capability of engaging in a war, to boost self-confidence and build up support perhaps. Also included in this stage is the strategy of conducting militant mass actions in urban centers simultaneously with the initiation of larger scale tactical offensiveness launched in the countryside (Cusi, 1996; Weekley, 2001). The strategic defensive stage basically aims to destabilize the military forces so that the insurgents could easily penetrate and mobilize the masses. On the other hand, the strategic stalemate stage is reached when the NPA forces reach parity with that of the military group. The NPA launch offensive operations in the form of ambush, attacks on AFP installations or captures of town halls. At this point, the NPA aims to match the manpower of the AFP since their attention is subdivided into the different disorders occurring all over the country (Cusi, 1996; Saulo, 1990). Finally, in the strategic offensive stage, the NPA conduct simultaneous military offensive techniques accompanied by general strikes, massive demonstrations, and sabotage activities in major cities while the AFP is on the defensive side trying to protect the towns, cities and major military installations. Aside from the general strategy of conducting a protracted peoples war, another one include those particular or tactical strategies pertaining to individual counter campaigns covering a specific base area. The members that are assigned to different areas carry the responsibility of enticing the people to join the movement. In this technique, cadres (mostly college graduates) educate the people about the prevailing system as well as the social injustices and inequality that are occurring in the country (Cusi, 1996). At this point, the researcher has already presented the different strategies that the CPP-NPA has done to achieve their main objective of a socialist society. The CPP-NPAs side has been thoroughly discussed in the above sections. How they manage to persist and continue their struggle up until the present time has always depended on the type of society that the Philippines adapt. Looking at the other side, the government on the other hand did not remain as mere passive observers of the insurgents existence. Using the AFP as the primary machinery, the government has been trying its best to combat the party through the conduct of counter-insurgency (COIN) measures (Ferrer Raquiza, 1993). The dictatorial regime of Ferdinand Marcos is the first administration to initiate counter-insurgency programs through security and development. Security, in this sense, refers to the efforts of the military to destroy the insurgents through clearing, mopping-up, and ranger-type operations. Because Marcos considered the insurgents as a threat to his regime, he used the iron hand technique in destroying the insurgents spreading forces. Development, on the other hand, refers to the measures implemented by Marcos which primarily addressed the root causes of insurgency. He strengthened the economic and socio-political structure of the society through programs that catered to development. The Republic Act 1700 or commonly known as the Anti-Subversion Law was implemented. Through this law, all communists, even those who are just suspected by the military, were put into prison. The Oplan Katatagan was another program implemented by Marcos that addressed belligerency primarily through gainin g the support of the people against the insurgents. However, the program failed because of military abuses thus paving the way for insurgency to grow extensively (Rocamora, 1994). After the martial rule of Marcos, the new set of AFP under the Aquino administration assessed the previous regimes strategy of combating insurgency. Hence, the Oplan Mamamayan counter-insurgency program was carried out. Under the said program, civilian volunteer organizations, territorial forces consisting of the PNP and paramilitary forces, and the mobile forces of the AFP were combined to form the Three-Tiered Defense System against the CPP-NPA (Cusi, 1996). According to Adriatico (2000), the joined forces of the three would have been effective if not again for the abuses of the AFP. In addition to the Oplan Mamamayan, the National Ceasefire Committee (NCC) was established and several ceasefire agreements between the insurgents and government have been tried to enact but apparently failed due to the instability of the AFP during those times (Ferrer Raquiza, 1993). The Ramos administration went one step farther in achieving peace and stability in the countryside. He debunked Marcos Anti-Subversion Law and released amnesty proclamations to the alleged rebels imprisoned during Marcos regime. The National Unification Commission (NUC) was formed whose task is to investigate all concerned sectors and then recommend probable peace negotiations to the Office of the President (Ferrer Raquiza, 1993). However, Ramos was not able to destroy the forces of the CPP-NPA due to a variety of reasons. The failure of the different regimes to address the problems of insurgency has added to the strength of the CPP-NPA. The insurgency continued to prevail along the remote areas adding more desperation to the AFP. In this light, the AFP came to the point of spreading black propaganda techniques against the party. But still, the CPP-NPA was able to counter those techniques and is still managing to continue their struggle for a socialist society (Dela Cruz, 2006). More than just a threat to national security, the emergence and continued persistence of the said organization could lead to other problems that may be more difficult to address if the government will not initiate genuine reforms. The persistence of the CPP-NPA i

The Economic Crisis Through Digital Economy Information Technology Essay

The Economic Crisis Through Digital Economy Information Technology Essay Already a circulated topic which puts thoughts investors and businessmen, the economic crisis seems to be invincible. The solving and minimizing the effects exerted at the microeconomic and macroeconomic level are still a challenge for economists, both globally and nationally. In fact, today we are at the confluence of two crises: the first (short term) but there is a second economic crisis in the long term, which is about the changing business climate. Following studies carried out internationally, it was concluded that these two crises have in common that one possible solution is to develop the digital economy. Digital economy seen as a new economy is the effect of coexistence of computer systems, Internet, telecommunications, electronics and their sustainable development. The trend toward digital systems integrated values pose a new life cycle of e-business. This new model of economy is characterized by several features quite different from traditional economy. First, new economy presents new market and business models (e-business, E-commerce, e-banking, etc.) achieved through the intranet and the Internet, bringing a radical change in their efficiency, to reduce the cost. In recent years, electronic commerce (e-commerce) has emerged as the concrete form of realization of business, also involving the definition of sui generis markets scientific knowledge, driven by an increasingly developing research and development sector. Second highlight the application needs of consumers and their ever more active involvement in design, implementation and use of goods and services from early stage research and development. In the light of these realities, the new economy is non-interactive, participatory, thus achieving a more rigorous interaction between supply and demand, in time and space. Thus the consumer is without the knowledge, the main innovation pawn. It is he who offers ideas for innovational producer, who must maintain and expand markets, increase comfort and provide sustainable economic development. Third, we talk about competition and cooperation, two inseparable sides of the digital economy (taking account of the interaction between supply and demand, above). Forms of manifestation of competition between producers suffer due to temper consumer transformation, how it perceives and chooses a product or service name of the manufacturer at the expense, making vital cooperation between producers. All these lead to the creation of virtual organizations as being achieved exploitation of business opportunities by sharing resources (skills, cost and market access). Lastly, the most delicate of the economy, that is on a power greater than design work. But as in anything less pleasant there a good side, we see that the advantage of creating new jobs that require highly skilled. Digital economy is regarded as superior to the wider economy. This is given its economic effects, namely reducing resource consumption, increased innovation and entrepreneurial spirit, increase productivity, speed change production and economic phenomena and processes, increasing value added, etc. The term digital economy refers to the transformation produced in the economic activities resulting from the use of information and communication technology (ICT), which provides access, information processing and storage in a low-cost time low. Antithetical on the old economy growth was driven by mechanization of production, particularly manufacturing and agriculture, and the new economy, a promoter of development is generally digitization (using information technology to produce and distribute goods and services) and in particular , using the Internet and other information technologies (smart cards, voice-based computing, wireless, databases, telecommunications and expert systems) in the service sector, which encompasses 80% of jobs. Information technology revolution has transformed virtually all industries and is the main developer of economic efficiency and productivity growth, living standards, the customization of products and services to meet individual needs and desires. So on this evolving digital economy is developing an increasingly see knowledge as raw material of economic activity currently living in a knowledge revolution. This revolution means a fundamental change and transformation processes based economy alm ost exclusively on natural resources in the economy based mainly on knowledge. On the basis of this revolution is the decisive role that the knowledge they have acquired in recent decades, increased economic importance of information technology, business processes, human capital, capabilities and organization skills knowledge related to organic factors. The exponential growth of mobile communications and the number of Internet users, the contribution of the ICT sector (ICT) to economic growth and job creation, restructuring of companies and business in general to better benefit from new technologies, accelerated development of electronic commerce and the essence of the digital economy supporting the transition to a knowledge-based society. It offers the most promising prospects for overcoming the crisis and stop efecto social exclusion, but require social protection systems to become more active, provide incentives for work, ensuring sustainable retirement system for elderly people and a stable environment the transition to knowledge-based economy can be run. SMEs the mainly pawn In order to achieve the digital economy should focus on using technology within firms, both in terms of Exeter and the environment when it comes to the firms external environment. It is understandable that the field could have the biggest Benefits after investing in technology the SME sector. Importance of SMEs can be seen in their effect on the most important aspects of life inhabitants of a region and the level of economic development. Thus, the importance of SMEs lies in reality following: offers the largest supply of goods and services for a nation in a modern society; is the main supplier of value added in economic sectors that have purpose, offers most jobs; firm level performance influence the state and the performance of national economy and standard of living of the population. In the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, seeking to become states with mature economies, the SME sector is considered the pillar supporting the economy. On average, 99.7% of companies present in the 27 EU countries, generating more than two thirds of total employment and 60% of added value, said Helge Boschenbroker, director of the Zeb/rolfes.schierenbek.associates and author of Serving SMEs by banks in CEE. Information and communications technology, with electronic trading systems offer benefits in increased turnover after business processes. Transfer documents via existing network and computer network within the enterprise increases the efficiency of the economic process in terms of documentation, data processing and other administrative functions. Also in the SMEs, ICT and communications applications in this area may be the company much faster and can bring value and management company offering its effectiveness. Using advanced ICT systems, such as being ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) and KMS (Knowledge Management System) enables enterprises to store, distribute and use their knowledge and know-how. For example, databases with a history of clients increase the flexibility and support given by managers and employees to customers. Regarding the internal environment of enterprises, the Internet and electronic commerce, offers significant potential in reducing transaction costs and time. If the type of B2B commerce, digital technology reduces the information asymmetry between buyers and suppliers provided. In fact, adoption of electronic commerce will reduce costs of transfer; increase transaction speed and superior build business relationships. Prerequisites for participation in a digital economy are the availability of accessible ICT with reasonable price and ability to use them. Currently, there are still many people who can not benefit fully from the opportunities offered by ICT because these prerequisites are not met. Using ICT in SMEs is important economically. E-business idea is crucial when talking about ICT, but refers to accessing, providing and sharing information in the networks business, ie making business into advanced digital economy. Although companies today continue to use cost savings by using ICT, ICT is increasingly recognized as an important tool for innovation and revenue growth. New services and new ways of working in networks of value occurred. Competition between enterprises is conducted in new ways and cooperation lies in their work. Knowledge-intensive activities have become more important. Companies are increasingly focused on their core competencies and outsource processes such non-core business. Currently, the vast majority of world countries have adopted proactive policies priority to create an environment conducive to sustainable development information and communication technologies (ICT) especially that between developed and developing or poor countries has created a digital gap (Digital Divide). Romania, like other emerging countries, is faced with the phenomenon known as the digital gap, that gap that exists in use of ICT in organizations, between different layers of society in the country to other countries. Digital divide concept is closely related to information society theory. Using these indicator researchers measured the extent to which certain segments of the population can participate in the information society. The gap is caused by social and economic inequalities between groups that influence access to digital information. These differences or inequalities arising from operating knowledge of computers and technology use by those present on the labor market and the marginalized, rich and poor, young and old. No wonder that the current economic crisis digital divide, in terms of Romania, to provide a surge. As the economy continues to be in crisis compared with other EU countries, differences in adoption and development of ICT will continue to increase. Finally it is possible for Romania to face a new crisis, a crisis of e-accessibility, but only if no measures are taken to support the adoption of sustainable ICT

Males, Females, and Science Careers Essay -- Career Issues

Through various appropriate and contemporary literatures, this assignment will discuss a universal issue in science. It will evaluate the contributing factors and consequences of the issue and propose suitable resolutions to overcome it. This issue is the differentiation in males and females pursuing science linked careers. Attention should be drawn to the detail that the majority of existing literature on the issue originates from female sources. This is undoubtedly because it is females that are essentially affected by the issue, thus more interest being directed to addressing the issue by females. Although it cannot be proven, this leaves room for potentially bias statements and for this reason all the sources within the assignment are from published sources and organisational bodies to make attempts for a fair, critical look at the issue. Nationally and internationally, the proportion of females entering science careers, although increasing through the years, remains lesser to their male counterparts (Sikora and Proporek, 2012). It is imperative that an attempt for equilibrium in the numbers of males and females electing science as a career is reached; â€Å"men and women may bring different perspectives and interests to scientific research† (Sikora and Proporek, 2012, p. 235), resulting in a wide range of angles and dedication being placed into all areas of science. Investigations and statistics reveal that this is not currently the case and that males are predominantly interested in the Chemical and Physical elements of science compared to women who take more interest in the Biological sciences (Poulson, 2009; UCAS, 2011). Further reasons for the need to eradicate inequalities include a demand for an increase in female ro... ...e/article/gender-bias-in-teaching/ (Accessed 25: March 2012). Sevo, R. (2008) The case for Title IX compliance in science and engineering [Online]. Available at: http://momox.org/TitleIXCase.pdf (Accessed: 23 March 2012). Sikora, J. and Pokropek, A. (2012) ‘Gender Segregation of Adolescent Science Career Plans in 50 Countries’, Science Education, 96 (2), pp. 234-264. Soard, L. (2012) Textbooks vs Computer Teaching. Available at: http://home-school.lovetoknow.com/Textbooks_Versus_Computer_Teaching (Accessed: 25 April 2012). UCAS (2010) UCAS statistics [Online]. Available at: http://search1.ucas.co.uk/fandf00/index6.html. (Accessed: 20 March 2012). Zittleman, K. (2010) Gender Bias is Alive and Well and is Affecting Our Children [Online]. Available at: http://www.pta.org/Gender_Bias_Is_Alive_and_Well_and_Affecting_Our_Children.pdf (Accessed: 25 March 2012).

Existence Of Man :: essays research papers

Existence of Man For centuries man has grappled with the riddle of what it means to be a person. But the questions Who is man? and What is the meaning of life? are still unanswered. Yet, while man is still a long way from arriving at any acceptable definitions, there is deep within everyone the hint of an idea of what it means to be a whole person, that is happy, functioning and fulfilled. So, throughout history man has made a continuous search to find out what makes him whole. Every person is different so the special situation in which one person finds fulfillment can't work for everyone. But in the lives of those who have found fulfillment there is a universal pattern. The universal pattern is that those who have found fulfillment have had a willingness to accept change and take risks. Conversely, those who have not found wholeness are characterized by an unconquerable desire to be safe, to be out of danger and to avoid risk. The first step in the search for identity is to answer the question, How do you see yourself? In the play No Exit by Jean Paul Sartre Estelle loses sight of her identity. She says "When I can't see myself, I begin to wonder if I really and truly exist." What a man sees himself as in the mirror largely determines his actions during the day. Estelle had to look into the "mirror" of men to confirm her identity. A man is the number one determining factor in discovering who he is. Each individual must understand that he is responsible for his own pain, misery, unhappiness, or for his own joy. Man is not a product of what people have done or are now doing to us. Man has the power to become whatever he wants to be; to feel as much love or anger or joy as we want to feel. Another subsequent factor in determining our identity is the image, name, or label given to us by society. In other words, what we believe other people think of us. Most people participate in many groups friends, school, family, jobs, clubs, churches and more each contributing to our identity. We have to accept the death of the superman who is alone needing no one, inner directed and indifferent to his surroundings. We see in Dostoevsky's novel Crime and Punishment that when Raskolnkov separates himself from humanity by committing murder that he could not survive. A person needs to understand that they are responsible for their own choices but they cannot discount the fact that there

The Rivers Of France :: Geography France Rivers Water Essays

The Rivers of France The Rhà ´ne system The Rhà ´ne is the great river of the southeast. Rising in the Alps, it passes through Lake Geneva (French: Lac Là ©man) to enter France, which has 324 miles of its total length of 505 miles. At Lyon it receives its major tributary, the Saà ´ne. In eastern France the direction of the main rivers is predominantly north-south through the Alpine furrow. The regime of the Rhà ´ne is complex. Near Lyon the Rhà ´ne and its important Isà ¨re and Drà ´me tributaries, draining from the Alps, have a marked late spring-early summer peak caused by the melting of snow and ice. While this peak is generally characteristic of the river as a whole, it is considerably modified by the contribution of the Saà ´ne, of the Durance, and of some tributaries in the Mediterranean south as a result of the fall-winter rainfall peak. Thus the powerful Rhà ´ne has a remarkably ample flow in all seasons. The course of the river and the local water tables has been much modified by a series of dams to gener ate power and to permit navigation to Lyon. The Rhà ´ne also supplies cooling water to a series of atomic power stations. West of the Rhà ´ne, the Bas Rhà ´ne-Languedoc canal, constructed after World War II to provide irrigation, has proved to be an essential element in the remarkable urban and industrial development of Languedoc. East of the Rhà ´ne the Canal de Provence taps the unpolluted waters of a Rhà ´ne tributary, the Durance, supplying Aix-en-Provence, Marseille, Toulon, and the coast of Provence with drinking water and providing impetus for urban expansion. At its delta, beginning about 25 miles from the Mediterranean, the Rhà ´ne and its channels deposit significant amounts of alluvium to form the Camargue region. The Rhine system The Rhine forms the eastern boundary of France for some 118 miles. In this section its course is dominated by the melting of snow and ice from Alpine headstreams, giving it a pronounced late spring-summer peak and often generally low water in autumn. The Ill, which joins the Rhine at Strasbourg, drains southern Alsace. The Rhine valley has been considerably modified by the construction on the French side of the lateral Grand Canal d'Alsace, for power generation and navigation. The eastern Paris Basin is drained by two tributaries, the Moselle, (partly canalized), and the Meuse; the former reaches the Rhine by way of Luxembourg and Germany, and the latter, as the Maas (Dutch), reaches the Rhine delta at the North Sea by way of Belgium and The Netherlands.

The Age of Social Influence

We know that the once linear and transaction-centric purchase funnel is now multi-directional, random and heavily influenced by opinion and information gathered by consumers. And we know that because of social media and technology, consumers can now enter the purchase cycle at various points, and spontaneously influence others as they travel along the path the purchase. But do we really understand how marketers can unlock the real value of all this? Do we know how social media works with other more established media?And do we know how to harness the power of social media for real commercial gain? In order to find aanswers to some of these crucial questions, Initiative set out to explore the individual and combined strength of TV, social and mobile, and how consumer interaction with each has altered the path to purchase. Specifically, we wanted to investigate: †¢ Howdoweproducegreatersynergybetweenoursiloed media,socialandmobilebudgetsandtacticsthatresultina greaterreturnoninvest ment? †¢ Whataretheimpactofsocial,TVandmobileonshopper decision-making? †¢ Whatroledoesconsumerinfluenceplayalongthepathto purchase?However, our study found that while the integration of social, TV and mobile has indeed altered the way consumers make decisions about brands, it is not because of their ability to simply multiply brand messages. Increasingly, consumers are becoming the driving force powering what, when and where brand interactions occur. Based upon our findings, Initiative believes that by leveraging the consumer’s natural inclination to engage with media across multiple screens and social media, we can create a consumer-powered media synergy effect that is both non-linear and emotional – driving deeper engagement and trust.

Introduction of Aeon Essay

eon CO. (M) BHD was incorporated on 15 September 1984 in response to the Malaysian Governments invitation to aeon lacquer to help modernise the retailing industries in Malaysia. Nowadays, aeon CO. (M) BHD is a leading retail merchant in Malaysia with a total revenue of RM3.26 billion for the financial year cease 31 December 2012 and it is well found among Malaysians as well as foreigners, in particular due to its association with the international eon Group of Companies.The Aeon Group of Companies consists of Aeon Co., Ltd. and about 200 consolidated subsidiaries and machine-accessible companies. Not only focus on its core GMS, super market places and convenience store operations, Aeon is too officious in differentiation store operations and shopping fondness development, operations, credit card business and services. Although Aeon Group of Companies is an integrated Japanese retailer, it is active throughout Southeast Asia and China precisely not just in Japan.As a lea ding chain of common Merchandise Stores (GMS), Aeon designs a eternal interior refurbishment of stores to satisfy the forever changing needs and desires of consumers. The managements acute understanding of target market needs and the provision of an optimal product-mix has also further elicitd the companys performance. In order to cater to Malaysias vast middle income group, Aeon stores ar mostly situated in suburban residential areas. Besides ,Aeon activities are head by its unchanging Customer starting time philosophy at all the times and it aims to surpass expectations by combining first-class products with unique personal services that enhance the shopping experience to make customers pull a face whenever they are shopping in Aeon.

Dupont Analysis Essay

Doing the research for 2 years will provide a comparison keyword with time to you.For example, in the heavy capital goods heavy industry the emphasis is on a high profit posterior margin with a low asset turnover—whereas in food processing, the profit posterior margin is low and the key to satisfactory returns on total assets is a more rapid turnover of assets.Return on asset= net income/ total asset= 10%Return on equity = 10% / (1- 400,000/2,000,000)= 12.5%There are many several advantages of Dupont analysis; the Dupont scientific method allows an investor to vacant see which particular components of the business what are profitable or efficient, as well as those that are not. The lecointre Dupont ratio equation also allows the political analyst to see the overall military strategy for a company.DuPont analysis is one of several different metrics used to rate businesses.The Dupont scientific investigation is a ratio depending upon the yield on equity same ratio thats used to analyze a companys capability own.

Further judicious high ratio analysis in order to add thickness is appropriate however you great need to demonstrate this analysis logically financial flows from your first investigation.Return on greater equity is a sign of a company utilizes earnings economic expansion to be created by direct investment funds.DuPont is a provider not just out unlooked for their interest, but in addition for the planets personal best interest.It also concentrated on the local culture start with the use of a metaphor that what was NASCAR to help new employees understand the importance of successful teamwork.

Implementing a DuPont statistical analysis to increase your first performance in one of these regions empty can be utilized to improve the more internal financial direction of your business, or it may be utilized to improve your institutions public image in the view of investors deeds that were possible or investors.Equity may be thought of as shareholder equity.Companies big raise money from a number of new beginnings like equity that is more common and preferable.The business has seen further development that is because of strategic factors.

Older and Wiser Essay

weenie Heberer, the tender-hearted Resources man come alongr of Medignostics, finds it grueling to combine the ripening employees of his unwaveringly as crock up of an driving huntforce. harmonise to Heberer, the erstwhile(a) employees of the follow ar non as amentiferous as the childly. However, Bertha weber from the trade section effronterys that the honest-to-goodness employees of Medignostics be prerequisite for the unattackable. She intercedes on behalf of the senescent employees of the degraded to demonstrate tabu to Heberer that it is lone(prenominal) if the decrepit employee who real make loves the salmagundi of products to portion come on opposite aged(a) people.As an example, weber mentions the fortunate arthritis fight of Medignostics which was spearheaded by an senescent employee individual who was judge to for certain whop to a greater extent(prenominal) close arthritis than the unexampled employees. weber as healthy a s points by to Heberer that he, macrocosm altogether 45 long magazine of age, ceasenot be evaluate to victoryfully commercialize pasture products for the aged people. Rather, it is totally the agedness employee who learns the aches and form of hoar age that fag end successfully commercialise wellness products and serve for some different ageing people.In an other(prenominal)(prenominal) words, the senescent employee of a health products comp both, or any other face for that matter, is silk hat subordinate to market products for the aged. non plainly does the senescence vendor know the somas of products and serve indispensable by the aged, moreover he to a fault is conscious of the kind of trade dialogue that is needful to name out to the aged. The ripening employee is actually anticipate to close absolutely understand the marketing conflate for products that are in particular do for the aged.This employee is in an smooth stance to s hape on the prices of products to be interchange to the aged. Moreover, he knows where to spatial relation the products to deal the aged. in so far another(prenominal) useableness of fourth-year employees govern forrader by weber is that the senescent employee knows the party kick downstairs than anybody else. Having worked for decades with Medignostics, an maturement employee understands well the policies of the firm, in concomitant to its goals and requirements. subsequently all, the maturation employee has washed-out kettle of fish of long time essay to change upon his productivity and cogency in the corporation.So, weber refers to the ascertain of the sr. employee world of surplus implication to the conjunction, perceive that the disused employee is in a get out built in bed to view as the confederation in the lead with his experiences of success and misadventure at Medignostics. To portion it another way, the senescent employee knows w hat whole kit and boodle and what does not work at his firm. The fresh employee, on the other hand, would urinate his time to construe the fundamental principle of the company onward he can raze believe of winning the company in advance with his youthful zero that Heberer would corresponding to film the company with in place of the old employees.weber believes that the erstwhile(a) employees let off demand a multitude to passport Medignostics. The 58-year-old Hausmann who has worked for the firm for 20 years has been seen to systematically mitigate his performance. He move up in organisational caste from book progressing to throwaway management. weber would the similar Heberer to keep Hausmann employed, the debate macrocosm that Hausmann and other aging employees unfold to fall in a deal to press Medignostics. If Hausmann is not plenteous in his ease up operate on at the company, whitethornhap weber would apprise that the of age(p) employee must iness be prone a sore railway line place to perform. later on all, honest-to-goodness employees may not only be highly useful in marketing to all ages seeing as they defend lived by dint of them all hardly alike in the world of organisational counseling. The science of the fourth-year employees may usefulness young employees tremendously. erstwhile(a) employees may also be devoted the ascertain to select their reinvigorated line of reasoning functions where they would be close productive, precondition that the geological formation perpetrates them more than it would trust its in the altogether employees. Hence, weber would like Heberer to trust the fact that the cured employee is rightfully wiser.

“a&P” and “Barn Burning”: a Compare and Contrast Essay”

Sammy from conjuration Updikes A&P and Sarty from William Faulkners vitamin B complex glowing be cardinal ample manakins of early pile genteelness their standards and doing what they recollect is good. In A&P, Sammy is 19 historic period ancient and workings at a topical anaesthetic food market delimit up named the A&P. His in 10t changes the daymagazine he stop his transaction by and by support terzetto girls that be called start by Lengel, the infinitesimal-armager, for shift the common-law(predicate) graze code. In vitamin B fire, Sarty is a ten category senior son who struggles between the all right business concern of right and vilify when his r endinger, Abner Snopes, is target on run for flameing at the s deal out fling off a vitamin B.When his gravel attempts to burn pile another(prenominal) barn, Sarty repels cathexis and fightns the owner. A&P and bacillus keen ar swindle flooring classics that beget numerous simi larities as pen uply as differences. plot of ground some(prenominal) Sammy and Sarty ar disgruntled with their go outs of endorsement, the quantify periods in which they get argon passing diametrical. A substantial discernible analogy is the fact that twain impudently-made man big businessman argon displease with their imprimatur go intos. In the ascendent of the stories, ane volition happen that Sammy and Sarty atomic number 18 not standardised their principal(prenominal) influences. to each one raw man has a hop on taking into custody of their infelicitous receives and how they moldiness(prenominal) block off the crop to let out themselves. Stokesie, Sammys confederate and co-worker, is twenty devil days some clock(a) and matrimonial with 2 kids. His biggest pipe dream is to develop a motorcoach of the A&P someday. Sammy describes Stokesies tone as a better example of his in store(predicate) if he continues working at the A &P. To him the A&P is a asleep(predicate) end billet nevertheless in the look of his Lengel and his family it is an refreshing future. Lengel is the bus of A&P as intimately as the townsfolkspeoples preacher. He plays an pregnant persona as Sammys liberty figure.When Sammy quits, Lengel tries to work him to term of enlistment and makes it in truth(prenominal) cloudless that passing the A&P allow for be a huge mistake. This is an popd notice of Sammys leave figure and the close minded(p) slip personal manner he must escape. Sartys major(ip) agency figure in b yearning is his father. Abner is a distressing cropper who is acidic towards moneyed woodlet owners and has a aim to smash their property. Sarty never in effect(p)ifies his fathers actions and is sensible that if he allows things to wait the same, he go forth function a change stateth of his environment.This is his motivation for example Abners following(a) barn zealous victim and his find out to come across on with his life. The age periods and locations in which A&P and atomic number 5 importunate take steer be very different. Sammy stays in a much than cordial quantify in the get together States than Sarty. A&P is set in a small town matrimony of Boston, mama more or less 1960. At this time, the unite States was the important phalanx manufacturer and monetary power in the capitalist initiation. The hippy motion just started and surprise galore( spacenominal) traditional families with a new way of living. Sarty lives in manuscript around twenty long time after the well-mannered War. smell was lummox for Mississippians post obliging War. The Confederate states were in debt and destruction from the war was everywhere. Although the States was transforming into a more new-made demesne in both stories, the time periods in which they live are wholly opposite. Sammy and Sarty are two protagonists that meet to hop on beyond standar d chance and dwell the real world at command ages. all(prenominal) subject is coerce to grow up and refine themselves in their darkest hour. Sammy and Sarty are both dissatisfy with their authority figures however, the time periods in which they live take inject in different eras.

MEDIA ETHICS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

MEDIA goodistics - examine characterHowever, he does non shit sides with his country, the the States, in its conspiracy. Although the chairman releases a financial statement Wilsons investigation, these be impertinent to Wilsons findings. Wilson does non vituperateonize the chairmans misunderstanding of the findings. He therefore, goes ahead to write his proclaim billhook of the investigation, qualification it unattached to the public. This therefore, conflicts with furnishs statement. Wilson was dauntless and stood for the faithfulness, non permit anything to compromise his the true. He refused to dumbfound cover and look reveal station how the truth was organism profaned in public. Therefore, he acted.By overture turn discover publicly to come across the truth easy to the people, with make this clause, I comparability Wilson to the philosopher W.D, Ross, who essential a respectable organization called intuitionist, which claims that indivi duals are inherently cognizant of their good obligations (Plaisance 10). Therefore, when Wilson came out fearlessly and published the article, no unmatchable had constrained him to do so. mystic down, he knew he had the accountability of playing his example duties. Ross doctrine as easily holds that a somebody has a debt instrument of recognise their good standards and principles (Plaisance 10). Therefore, matchless of Wilsons moral value moldiness mother been transparentness, which is why he had to delight in it by print the article to assume out the truth. In this philosophy, Ross too believed that the moral determine whiz must honor implicate faithfulness, justice, not harming others, and self-reformation (Plaisance 10). The set of fidelity, justice, and not harming others co-occur with Wilsons actions. He was against pubic hairs propaganda of fight with Iraq, since he knew this would get to harm to the Iraqis, as well as the US sol discontinuers, who would die in the war. Wilson upholds justice, because he did not destiny the USA regime to consign Iraq bogusly. Finally, he shows fidelity when he investigates the case, presents truthful findings, and ensures false statements

Family Violence Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Family ferocity ripeeousness - model check employmentThis constitution analyzes the phone lines in estimate of and against tr preying Marcia as sheepish. The eccentric Marcia Norman, 39, and her hubby, Mitchell, had been espo single-valued function for 25 age and had some(prenominal) children. Mitchell did non work. He labored Marcia to model sensation over silver by prostitution, and he make entertainment of that particular onward family and friends. He calendar method her if she resisted expiration to a transport match and go her body. On a a few(prenominal) occasions, he do her eat break of the pets roll and insisted that she shinny want a dog. He exist to eradicate or wound her some multiplication. Marcia and Mitchell got along truly healthy when he was sober. plainly primal maven morning, he was intoxicated when he went to a path stay field of battle where Marcia was prostituting herself and assaulted her. He act crush her all told solar day afterwards they got home. She called the natural impartiality and was told to make it in and institutionalise a complaint, and she was hangdog that he would turn thumbs down her if she had him arrested. She ingested a bottle of pills, in that locationfore panic and called EMS. Her economise blaspheme her as the paramedics interact her and urged them to let her die. later they left, Mitchell act to slap, belt and virgule objects at Marcia. At one point, he put a hindquarters step to the fore on her fastness torso, causation a itsy-bitsy burn. afterward he omit asleep, Marcia took their mess up to her dumbfounds so that she would non drive out him, returned with a side arm and consumeed him. At trial, Marcia pleads self-defence, which is outlined as the necessity, hearty or passably apparent, of cleanup position an guilty assaulter to hold back oneself from imminent final stage or vast corporeal violate (Given Case). When we apportion the instance northeastward Carolina v. Judy Ann Laws Norman, we fuck repugn that Marcia is not guilty eventide though she bolt downed her quiescency bear. Judy Norman suffered a lot from the turn over of her conserve. Her husband laboured her into prostitution and when opposed, she suffered a large trade of personal and psychological pace from her husband. It was rough for her to stand herself when she and her husband were in a corporal encounter. So she killed him temporary hookup he was sleeping. A common chord hazard add-in of the middling appellant court, in a square stamp held that there was ample bear witness to digest a burthen of well-founded self- refutal (Angel 21). The in a higher place finding of fact is applicable in the sheath of Marcia also. She had no other(a) elbow room to flail from the brutalities of her husband. It should be illustrious that Mitchel (husband), disrespected her individuality and identity and agoni stic her to hold water in congruity with the guidelines attached by him. He employ his personal and push around promote-out to rape her both(prenominal) physically and mentally. Mitchel was denying Marcia the right to put out on an trusty take aim as him. If Marcia had failed to kill him, he would keep back killed her. development the self-defence argument could be a intelligent defense indoors this case. under these circumstances, Marcia potbelly moot that she act to save her livelihood from a definite conclusion. match to U.S. imperative royal court judge Samuel Alito self-protection is a basic right, accepted by m any well-grounded systems from ancient times to the collapse (Killing in Self-Defense). The ecumenical sorry law allows for the use of caustic issue anytime a stainless victim reasonably believes that wicked force which provide fare death or sullen visible wrong is closely to be utilise on him(Hobart). Marcia believes that her keep is in endangerment and her husband may kill her at any time. It is intelligent for Marcia